1. Introduction The National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) is one of the premier financial institutions in India and a key component of the Indian capital market. Established in 1992 and operational from 1994, NSE revolutionized stock trading in India by introducing electronic trading systems that enhanced transparency, efficiency, and accessibility. Before NSE, the Bombay…
1. Introduction to Financial Market A financial market is a platform or system where individuals, companies, and governments can buy and sell financial assets like stocks, bonds, currencies, and derivatives. Essentially, it is the backbone of the economy because it facilitates the flow of funds from those who have surplus capital (savers) to those who…
Introduction Money is one of the most fundamental inventions of human civilization. It is the lifeblood of economic activities and serves as the medium through which individuals, businesses, and governments interact in markets. In its simplest form, money is anything that is generally accepted as a means of exchange, a unit of account, a store…
Introduction A central bank is the apex monetary authority in a country, responsible for controlling the supply of money, regulating credit, stabilizing prices, and maintaining economic stability. Examples include the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Federal Reserve (USA), the Bank of England, and the European Central Bank (ECB). Monetary fluctuations, such as inflation, deflation,…
Introduction In macroeconomics, national dividend refers to the total value of goods and services produced by a nation over a specific period, usually a year. It is a key indicator of economic performance, reflecting a country’s income, wealth, and standard of living. National dividend is closely linked with concepts such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP),…
Introduction In microeconomics, the theory of factor pricing is central to understanding how wages, rent, interest, and profits are determined in a competitive market. Modern economic analysis refines classical theories by incorporating the concept of transfer earnings, which plays a crucial role in the pricing of factors of production. Transfer earnings refer to the minimum…
Introduction In microeconomics, understanding different market structures is fundamental to analyzing firm behavior, pricing decisions, and output determination. Two important market forms that are frequently studied are perfect competition and monopolistic competition. While both market forms share certain characteristics, they also differ significantly in key aspects such as product differentiation, pricing power, and the nature…
Introduction In the study of microeconomics, pricing decisions made by firms are central to understanding market behavior. Under conditions of monopoly or market power, a seller is not bound to charge a uniform price for a product. Instead, the seller may charge different prices for the same commodity in different markets or from different consumers….
Introduction In the study of microeconomics, the concepts of Average Revenue (AR) and Marginal Revenue (MR) hold significant importance for analyzing the revenue behavior of a firm. These concepts help in understanding how much revenue a firm earns per unit of output and how revenue changes when output increases by one unit. The relationship between…
Introduction In economics, price elasticity of demand (PED) is a crucial concept used to analyze the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good or service to changes in its price. Businesses, policymakers, and researchers rely on elasticity measurements to make informed decisions regarding pricing, taxation, subsidies, and market regulations. The concept of elasticity goes…