Introduction Foreign trade is one of the most critical drivers of India’s economic growth. As a large, resource-rich, and population-dense country, India engages extensively with the global market to export goods and services and import items necessary for industrialization, technology, and consumption. Foreign trade reflects the economic strength of a nation, its global competitiveness, and…
Introduction The exchange rate is a crucial determinant of a nation’s economic stability and global competitiveness. For an emerging economy like India, with growing trade and financial integration, maintaining exchange rate stability is vital. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), as the central bank, plays a central role in managing exchange rate movements to ensure…
Introduction Foreign exchange and exchange rate systems are central to the functioning of modern economies in an interconnected world. They determine the value of a country’s currency in relation to others, directly affecting trade, investment, capital flows, tourism, and economic stability. For a developing economy like India, foreign exchange management and exchange rate policy are…
Introduction The management of foreign exchange is a crucial aspect of a nation’s economic policy, as it directly influences trade, investment, currency stability, and overall macroeconomic development. In India, two important legislations have shaped the regulation and management of foreign exchange — FERA (Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973) and its successor, FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management…
Introduction Air travel in India has undergone a remarkable transformation in the last two decades. With the liberalization of the aviation sector, rapid economic growth, and increasing international connectivity, Indian airports now handle millions of passengers annually. As the world’s third-largest aviation market (after the U.S. and China), India faces the dual challenge of ensuring…
Introduction In an era defined by globalization, interconnected economies, and rapid technological advancement, the importance of international standards cannot be overstated. Standards create a common language for industries, governments, and innovators, ensuring that products and systems are safe, reliable, and compatible across borders. At the heart of this global framework lies the International Electrotechnical Commission…
Introduction India is a land of knowledge traditions, where philosophy, science, literature, and spirituality have been preserved in written form for over two millennia. Ancient manuscripts written on palm leaves, birch bark, handmade paper, and copper plates are a testimony to India’s intellectual journey. These manuscripts cover diverse fields such as Vedic literature, Ayurveda, astronomy,…
Introduction India’s monsoon season is both a boon and a challenge. While it replenishes water reservoirs, supports agriculture, and sustains ecosystems, it also creates conditions conducive to the proliferation of vector-borne diseases. Diseases such as dengue, malaria, chikungunya, and Japanese encephalitis often spike in the post-monsoon period due to stagnant water, flooding, and increased vector…
Introduction The 21st century has placed nations at the intersection of technology, governance, and economic transformation. In this context, the debate over whether India requires an Engineering Commission or an All India Engineering Service (AIES) has become more relevant than ever. India, with its growing dependence on large-scale infrastructure, digital systems, renewable energy, defense technologies,…
Introduction The global economy has become increasingly interdependent, with international trade serving as a lifeline for growth, industrialization, and technological advancement. However, this interdependence also exposes countries to external shocks arising from disputes between major economic powers. The U.S.-China trade war, which began in 2018, has been one of the most significant disruptions in the…