Introduction Antibiotics have been hailed as one of the greatest medical innovations of the 20th century, significantly reducing mortality from bacterial infections. However, their overuse and indiscriminate availability have led to a global public health crisis: antimicrobial resistance (AMR). India, being one of the largest consumers of antibiotics in the world, faces an acute threat…
Introduction In modern warfare, air defence systems are indispensable tools for safeguarding national airspace and critical assets from aerial threats. The evolution of these systems—from simple anti-aircraft guns to advanced surface-to-air missile (SAM) networks—reflects the changing nature of aerial combat. Among all the contemporary air defence systems, the S-400 Triumf, developed by Almaz-Antey for the…
Introduction Agriculture forms the backbone of the Indian economy, employing nearly half of the workforce and contributing significantly to rural livelihoods. However, India’s agricultural landscape has long been dominated by a few staple crops—primarily rice and wheat—especially since the Green Revolution. While this revolution ensured food security, it also led to regional crop concentration, soil…
Introduction Biotechnology, often referred to as the “technology of life,” has emerged as one of the most transformative scientific fields of the 21st century. It combines biology, chemistry, genetics, and engineering to develop technologies and products that improve human life and the environment. Applied biotechnology, in particular, deals with the practical use of biological systems…
Introduction The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics was jointly awarded to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji Nakamura for their pioneering invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the early 1990s. This invention marked a technological revolution that transformed the world of lighting and electronics. While red and green LEDs had existed for decades,…
Introduction The 21st century has been marked by remarkable scientific innovations that have redefined the boundaries of medicine, materials science, and engineering. Among these, nanotechnology stands out as one of the most revolutionary fields of modern science. By manipulating matter at the nanoscale — one billionth of a meter — scientists have unlocked entirely new…
Introduction Science is not just a field of study—it is the foundation of modern civilization. From the air we breathe to the food we eat, from communication systems to medical care, science is deeply interwoven into every aspect of human life. It provides logical explanations for natural phenomena, offers tools for progress, and paves the…
Introduction India’s journey toward modernization and self-reliance has been guided by visionary leaders whose scientific and technological contributions transformed the nation’s economic, agricultural, and industrial foundations. Two such towering personalities are Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya and Dr. Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan, whose groundbreaking work in water engineering and agricultural science respectively laid the foundations for India’s development…
Introduction India’s space program, spearheaded by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has made remarkable strides over the past few decades. From launching indigenous satellites to exploring the Moon and Mars, India has steadily emerged as a global space power. The next ambitious step in this journey is India’s plan to build its own space…
Introduction India, with its rich cultural heritage, has a vast repository of traditional knowledge, particularly in the field of medicine. Ancient systems like Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Yoga, and folk medicine have been practiced for thousands of years and continue to provide cost-effective healthcare solutions. These systems embody knowledge of medicinal plants, therapeutic practices, and formulations…