The temples of the Nagar style represent one of the most significant contributions to Indian architecture, particularly during the medieval period. This style is primarily associated with the temples built in northern India, particularly in the regions of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. Known for its distinctive and intricate designs, the Nagar style evolved between the 7th and 12th centuries AD and became one of the most influential temple architectural styles in India. The temples built in the Nagar style are renowned for their soaring spires, detailed carvings, and complex planning.
This article will explore the architectural features of the temples of the Nagar style in detail, highlighting their design elements, structural components, and symbolic significance.
1. Overview of the Nagar Style of Architecture
The Nagar style of temple architecture is often considered a manifestation of the classical temple-building tradition in northern India. It evolved during the Gupta period but gained prominence during the post-Gupta and medieval period. The term “Nagar” itself is derived from the Sanskrit word “Nagara,” which refers to the “city” or “town.” In this context, it can also be interpreted as a style that developed and flourished in the northern regions of India, often referred to as the “land of cities.”
The temples of this style were primarily dedicated to Hindu deities, but Jain and Buddhist structures in this style also existed. The key distinguishing feature of the Nagar style is the presence of a towering central spire known as the “Shikhara,” which is the hallmark of these temples. Over the centuries, the style evolved, influencing temple architecture in the northern parts of India.
2. Key Features of Nagar Temple Architecture
2.1 Shikhara (Central Tower)
The most iconic feature of the Nagar style temples is the Shikhara, or the central spire. The Shikhara is a vertical, conical structure that rises above the sanctum (garbhagriha) of the temple. It is designed to symbolize Mount Meru, the cosmic axis in Hindu cosmology, which represents the center of the universe.
The Shikhara is usually made of several tiers of progressively smaller sections, creating a stepped or curvilinear profile. The upper part of the Shikhara often ends in a dome-like structure called an “Amalaka,” which is a stone disk or lotus-shaped element that acts as a crowning feature. The detailed carvings on the Shikhara may include depictions of deities, mythical creatures, floral patterns, and geometrical motifs, making it not just an architectural element but also a canvas for artistic expression.
In some instances, particularly in temples built later in the style’s evolution, the Shikhara is surrounded by smaller towers or projections, which create a clustered or “mountain-like” effect. The Shikhara thus serves as a visual focal point of the temple and reflects the upward, spiritual journey towards the divine.
2.2 Garbhagriha (Sanctum Sanctorum)
The Garbhagriha is the innermost chamber of the temple, where the main idol or deity of the temple is enshrined. It is usually a small, dark room, representing the womb or sacred space where the divine presence resides. The sanctum is traditionally square or rectangular, and its architectural purity is emphasized by the fact that it remains free from any decorative distractions, allowing the deity to be the focal point.
The Garbhagriha is connected to the Shikhara through the vertical axis of the temple, linking the divine space with the cosmos. In some temples, the Garbhagriha is directly beneath the Shikhara, enhancing the temple’s verticality and its symbolic connection to the heavens.
2.3 Mandapa (Hall for Congregational Worship)
The Mandapa is a hall or pillared pavilion located just in front of the Garbhagriha. It serves as a space for the congregation to gather, participate in rituals, and offer prayers. The Mandapa is typically open on all sides, often with intricately carved pillars that support the roof. The number of pillars may vary, but the central pillars are often the most elaborately designed.
The Mandapa’s roof may be flat or have a smaller, secondary Shikhara, giving it a tiered appearance. In some temples, multiple Mandapas are used, each serving different functions such as housing specific deities or rituals. Some larger temples, particularly those in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, may have multiple Mandapas leading to different sanctums.
2.4 Shikhara and Vimana Relationship
In Nagar style temples, the Vimana is the structure directly above the Garbhagriha. It is closely linked to the Shikhara and often refers to the entire superstructure of the temple, including the spire and the parts above the sanctum. The Vimana may be gradually tapering, and its size and prominence increase with the height of the Shikhara.
In some cases, the Vimana is adorned with intricate carvings, depicting deities, animals, and mythological motifs. As the primary element of the temple’s vertical axis, the Vimana enhances the temple’s symbolism as a link between the earthly realm and the divine.
2.5 Exterior Decoration and Carvings
The exterior walls of Nagar-style temples are often richly decorated with carvings. These carvings depict a wide range of subjects, including mythological tales, divine beings, animals, and geometric patterns. The walls of the temple may feature a series of horizontal panels, with each panel depicting different themes, such as the stories of gods and goddesses or scenes from Hindu epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana.
The outer walls often showcase a fine balance between space for architectural features and artistic decoration. Temples like the Kandariya Mahadev Temple at Khajuraho, which is a prime example of the Nagar style, are known for their elaborate, detailed carvings, including erotic sculptures, which are not merely decorative but symbolize fertility, creation, and the cycle of life.
2.6 Ratha (Niche)
In Nagar style temples, Rathas are projections or niches found on the exterior walls. These are typically in the form of small, shallow, square or rectangular recesses, often containing idols or sculptures of deities. Rathas can be found arranged symmetrically along the exterior, creating a rhythmic design across the temple.
2.7 Entrance and Torana (Gateway)
The Torana is the decorative gateway that marks the entrance to the temple. It is often a finely carved structure adorned with relief sculptures of gods, celestial beings, and scenes from Hindu mythology. The Torana is an important architectural feature, as it signifies the transition from the worldly space to the sacred precincts of the temple.
In some temples, a pair of Dvarapalas (door guardians) are placed near the entrance, which are symbolic figures representing the protection of the divine realm. These guardians are depicted as warriors, often in dynamic poses, adding a sense of strength and divine protection to the temple’s entrance.
3. Structural Layout of Nagar Temples
The structural layout of the Nagar style temples follows a precise and symmetrical pattern. The primary elements, such as the Garbhagriha, Mandapa, and Shikhara, are arranged along a central axis. This centrality represents the cosmic order, with the Garbhagriha symbolizing the origin of the universe, the Mandapa representing the earthly plane, and the Shikhara representing the heavens.
In larger temples, there may be multiple sanctums, each with its own Garbhagriha and Mandapa, leading to the creation of a temple complex. The use of axial symmetry in the layout also helps create a sense of balance and order, reinforcing the spiritual significance of the temple.
4. Symbolism in Nagar Temple Architecture
Nagar-style temples are not only architectural wonders but also deeply symbolic. The temple’s structure is designed to represent the journey of the soul from the earthly realm to the divine. The verticality of the Shikhara and the height of the Vimana suggest the ascent of the soul towards enlightenment.
The carvings on the temple walls represent the divine forces, mythological narratives, and cosmological principles. The intricate designs symbolize the connection between the human and divine, reinforcing the role of the temple as a sacred space for worship and meditation.
5. Prominent Examples of Nagar Style Temples
Some of the most prominent examples of Nagar-style temples include:
- Kandariya Mahadev Temple at Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh): A monumental temple known for its soaring Shikhara and intricate carvings depicting scenes from Hindu mythology.
- Lakshmana Temple at Khajuraho: A fine example of Nagar architecture with elaborate sculptures and detailed carvings on its walls.
- Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur (though it is primarily a Dravidian-style temple, its elements reflect the influence of Nagar-style features).
6. Conclusion
The temples of the Nagar style represent the pinnacle of temple architecture in northern India. Through their intricate designs, towering spires, and symbolic elements, these temples convey the spiritual journey of the soul from the earthly realm to divine consciousness. The style’s enduring legacy continues to influence the architecture of modern temples, and its beauty and sacred significance remain a testament to the architectural genius of ancient India.