Introduction Economic stability is vital for the sustainable growth of any nation. Two critical phenomena that influence the health of an economy are inflation and deflation. Both affect purchasing power, production, employment, investment, and overall economic growth, but in opposite ways. Understanding the causes, consequences, and policy responses to both is essential for students, policymakers,…
Introduction The Goods and Services Tax (GST), implemented on 1st July 2017, marked a historic reform in India’s indirect taxation system. It replaced multiple taxes levied by the central and state governments, creating a unified tax structure. GST is a destination-based tax levied on the supply of goods and services, designed to simplify compliance, reduce…
Introduction India, the world’s fifth-largest economy, has embarked on an ambitious journey to become a $5 trillion economy by the mid-2020s. This goal, set by the Government of India, reflects the nation’s aspiration to accelerate economic growth, enhance global competitiveness, and improve living standards for its citizens. Achieving this target requires sustained efforts across multiple…
Introduction Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a pivotal role in India’s economic landscape. Often referred to as the backbone of the Indian economy, MSMEs contribute significantly to GDP, employment generation, export promotion, and regional development. These enterprises act as a bridge between large industries and the grassroots economy, promoting entrepreneurship, innovation, and inclusive…
Introduction In today’s interconnected world, supply chains form the backbone of the global economy. A supply chain is the complex network of production, transportation, distribution, and consumption processes that ensure goods and services reach consumers across different countries. From raw material extraction to manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and retail, supply chains integrate multiple sectors and economies….
Introduction The 21st century has witnessed a revolutionary transformation in the way money, finance, and trade operate. Traditional fiat currencies, governed by central banks and facilitated through commercial banks, are now being challenged by digital currencies. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) being developed by countries such as China and India,…
Introduction The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the backbone of the global trading system. Established in 1995 as a successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the WTO regulates international trade and provides a platform for countries to negotiate agreements, resolve disputes, and promote fair trade practices. In an increasingly globalized world,…
Introduction The global economy has become highly interconnected, with trade acting as a lifeline for both developed and developing nations. Free trade agreements, globalization, and liberalized markets have enabled countries to specialize in production, exchange goods, and benefit from comparative advantage. However, in recent years, tariff wars—commonly referred to as trade wars—have emerged as a…
Introduction In India, financial literacy and investment awareness have grown rapidly over the past decade. Many individuals, especially beginners, are keen to participate in wealth creation through the financial markets. Two popular investment avenues that often create confusion among new investors are mutual funds and stocks. While both aim to generate returns, they differ in…
Introduction The stock market is one of the most significant pillars of a modern economy. It serves as a platform for companies to raise capital and for investors to grow their wealth. Understanding the stock market is essential for students, beginners, and anyone interested in finance, investments, or the economy. In India, stock markets like…