India and Nepal share deep historical, cultural, and geographical ties. However, their relationship has seen occasional strains due to various political, economic, and strategic issues. Some of the key irritants in Indo-Nepal bilateral relations include:
1. Border Disputes
- The Kalapani-Limpiyadhura-Lipulekh Dispute: Nepal claims that these areas belong to its territory as per the Sugauli Treaty of 1815, while India considers them part of Uttarakhand.
- The Susta Dispute: In Bihar, shifting river courses have led to disputes over territorial claims.
2. Nepal’s Perception of Indian Interference
Nepal often views India’s influence in its internal politics as interference. Allegations of Indian involvement in Nepal’s political affairs, including support for certain parties or leaders, have fueled distrust.
3. Economic Blockades and Trade Issues
- In 2015, Nepal accused India of an unofficial blockade, which severely affected fuel and essential supplies.
- Trade imbalances: Nepal imports far more from India than it exports, creating economic dependency concerns.
4. China Factor and Strategic Competition
- Nepal’s growing ties with China under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) have made India cautious about Beijing’s influence in the region.
- Nepal’s balancing act between India and China sometimes leads to diplomatic tensions.
5. Citizenship and Madhesi Issue
- India has traditionally supported the Madhesi community (people of Indian origin in Nepal), which has led to tensions with Nepal’s ruling elite.
- Nepal’s new citizenship laws, affecting Madhesi people with Indian links, have created friction.
6. Hydropower and Water Sharing Disputes
- Despite agreements like the Mahakali Treaty, Nepal claims that India has not fairly shared water resources.
- Issues over joint dam projects, such as Pancheshwar, remain unresolved.
7. Military and Security Concerns
- The 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, which allows open borders and free movement of people, is now seen by some in Nepal as outdated and needing revision.
- Nepal’s engagement with China on military exercises has raised security concerns in India.
Conclusion
Despite these irritants, India and Nepal continue to have strong cultural and economic ties. Resolving border disputes, enhancing economic cooperation, and fostering mutual trust through diplomatic dialogue can help strengthen their relationship.
