Introduction The Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012–17) marked the last in the series of Five-Year Plans implemented by the Planning Commission of India before its dissolution in 2014. The Plan was a continuation of the country’s strategy for inclusive, sustainable, and rapid economic growth, building upon the achievements of previous plans. Formulated in the backdrop of…
Introduction Economic reforms refer to structural changes in policies, laws, and institutions undertaken by a government to improve the efficiency, productivity, and growth potential of an economy. They are aimed at liberalizing the economy, reducing inefficiencies, promoting competition, and integrating the country with the global economy. In the context of India, economic reforms have been…
Short intro (what it is):The National Institution for Transforming India, popularly known by its acronym NITI Aayog, is the Government of India’s premier policy think-tank and institutional mechanism for cooperative federalism. Formed to replace the old Planning Commission, NITI Aayog’s role is to provide strategic and technical advice, create knowledge and innovation platforms, and help…
Introduction The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) is India’s apex public policy think tank, established on 1st January 2015 by the Government of India. It replaced the Planning Commission, which had been in operation since 1950. The formation of NITI Aayog marked a significant shift from centralized planning to decentralized and cooperative federalism,…
Introduction The relationship between the economy and the environment is one of the most crucial and complex aspects of modern development. The economy depends heavily on the natural environment for raw materials, energy, water, and ecological services, while economic activities often put pressure on the environment through pollution, resource depletion, and ecosystem degradation. Striking a…
Introduction Sustainable development has emerged as one of the most crucial objectives of modern governance, especially in the 21st century when nations are facing the dual challenge of economic growth and environmental protection. For India, a country with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, diverse ecosystems, and rapid urbanization, the pursuit of sustainable development is not…
Introduction In development studies, measuring the well-being of a population is more complex than simply looking at income levels or GDP. While economic indicators like GDP per capita give an idea of material wealth, they do not reflect the quality of life, health, education, and overall well-being of a population. To address this gap, the…
Introduction Measuring the development of nations is a complex task that goes beyond mere economic growth. While GDP or GNP provide insights into a country’s economic capacity, they do not reflect the quality of life, social welfare, equity, and human well-being. To address this, scholars, international organizations, and policymakers have developed various indices that evaluate…
Introduction Economic development is a broad concept that goes beyond simple economic growth. While economic growth refers to the increase in a country’s output or income, economic development encompasses improvements in the quality of life, living standards, and overall well-being of people. It involves structural transformation, social progress, and the reduction of poverty and inequalities….
Introduction Energy security is one of the cornerstones of India’s economic and strategic policy. As the world transitions from fossil fuels to renewable energy, India faces the dual challenge of meeting its growing energy demands and reducing its dependence on imports. In this context, the discovery of substantial shale oil and gas reserves in India…