Introduction The post-Gupta period in Indian history represents a complex era of political fragmentation, regional assertion, and intense power rivalry among emerging dynasties. After the decline of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE, northern India witnessed the rise of several powerful kingdoms, each seeking to establish its supremacy over the fertile and strategically…
Introduction The period between 750 and 1200 CE, often referred to as the Rajput period in Indian history, represents one of the most artistically vibrant and culturally productive eras in North India. Following the decline of the great imperial powers such as the Guptas and Harshavardhana, a number of Rajput dynasties emerged across northern India,…
Introduction The medieval period of Indian history, marked by the rise of various regional kingdoms, witnessed a rich synthesis of art, architecture, and culture. Among these regional powers, the Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur holds a special place in the history of northern India. Established after the decline of the Delhi Sultanate’s Tughlaq dynasty in the…
Introduction The Bhakti Movement was one of the most transformative socio-religious movements in Indian history, emerging between the 7th and 17th centuries CE. It played a pivotal role in reshaping India’s spiritual, cultural, and social fabric. The movement emphasized devotion (bhakti) to a personal god as the path to salvation, rather than ritualism, caste hierarchy,…
Introduction The decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century created a political vacuum in northern India. The once-centralized authority of Delhi weakened under the combined pressures of internal corruption, administrative inefficiency, and external invasions. In this context, several regional powers emerged, asserting autonomy while maintaining nominal allegiance to the Mughal throne. Among these,…
The Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (UPPSC) successfully conducted the Provincial Civil Services (PCS) Preliminary Examination 2025 on 12th October 2025. This examination is a crucial step for candidates aspiring to serve in various administrative services of the Uttar Pradesh government. With over 6.26 lakh candidates competing for approximately 210 vacancies, the exam drew massive…
Introduction The landscape of modern physics owes a significant debt to the pioneering work of Professor Satyendra Nath Bose, one of India’s most distinguished scientists. His contributions, especially the development of Bose-Einstein statistics, laid the foundation for profound advancements in quantum mechanics and condensed matter physics. Collaborating conceptually with Albert Einstein, Bose provided a statistical…
Introduction Biotechnology has emerged as a revolutionary discipline with the potential to transform healthcare, agriculture, and industrial processes. India, with its rich scientific talent pool, growing research infrastructure, and supportive policy environment, has witnessed a surge in biotechnology activity over the last two decades. This surge is particularly visible in the biopharmaceutical sector, which includes…
Introduction In recent years, stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising frontier in medicine, revolutionizing the way various medical conditions are treated. In India, this therapy has gained popularity for treating blood disorders like leukemia and thalassemia, repairing damaged corneas, managing burns, and exploring regenerative therapies for chronic diseases. Stem cells possess a unique…
Introduction India has earned global recognition through its unmanned space missions, notably the Chandrayaan lunar probes and the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan). These missions demonstrated India’s capability to plan, design, and execute complex space endeavors at a fraction of global costs, earning both technological and diplomatic prestige. Despite these successes, India has not yet ventured…