The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, commonly known as the Government of India Act, 1919, marked a significant shift in British colonial governance in India. These reforms were introduced by Edwin Montagu (Secretary of State for India) and Lord Chelmsford (Viceroy of India) to appease growing nationalist demands for greater self-governance. The reforms introduced the concept…
The Ghadar Party was one of the most revolutionary movements in India’s struggle for independence. Founded by Indian immigrants in the United States and Canada in the early 20th century, the party aimed to overthrow British rule in India through armed rebellion. Unlike other freedom movements that followed non-violent resistance, the Ghadar Party sought direct…
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was one of the most significant mass movements in India’s struggle for independence against British rule. Led by Mahatma Gandhi, the movement aimed at resisting British colonial oppression through non-violent means. It was a direct response to the betrayal of Indian expectations after World War I, the oppressive Rowlatt Act (1919),…
The Rowlatt Act of 1919 is famously known as the ‘Black Act’ in Indian history. This legislation was passed by the British government with the intention of suppressing revolutionary activities and nationalist movements in India. The act was seen as a major betrayal by the British, as it curtailed civil liberties, allowing the colonial government…
Introduction The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Kranti Movement, was one of the most significant milestones in India’s struggle for independence. Launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942, at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC), the movement demanded an immediate end to British rule in India. It…
Introduction The period of Lord Wellesley’s Governor-Generalship (1798–1805) was a significant phase in the expansion of British rule in India. His policies, primarily based on military aggression and diplomatic manipulation, led to the rapid territorial expansion of the British East India Company. Wellesley introduced the Subsidiary Alliance System, which effectively brought Indian princely states under…