The sex ratio — defined as the number of females per 1,000 males — is a key demographic indicator reflecting gender equity, social norms, health outcomes, and cultural practices within a population. In India, data from the Census of India and National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) consistently show that many tribal groups (often referred to…
Introduction The caste system has been one of the most enduring social institutions in India. Rooted in ancient occupational divisions and later rigidified into hereditary hierarchies, caste has historically structured social relationships, economic opportunities, and political power. After Independence, the Indian Constitution sought to dismantle caste-based discrimination through legal safeguards, affirmative action, and the promotion…
Introduction India is globally recognized for its extraordinary cultural diversity, marked by variations in language, religion, region, ethnicity, and social customs. Among these dimensions, caste has historically been one of the most influential organizing principles of Indian society. Originating in ancient social stratification systems, caste structured occupation, social interaction, marriage, and access to resources. With…
Introduction Indian society is one of the world’s oldest continuously living civilizations. Over thousands of years, it has experienced invasions, colonialism, modernization, globalization, and rapid technological change. Yet, despite these transformations, Indian society has preserved a remarkable continuity of traditional social values. Concepts such as family bonds, respect for elders, spiritual orientation, community life, and…
Introduction The struggle for social justice in modern India is inseparable from the contributions of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar. Both were towering personalities who shaped India’s socio-political landscape, particularly in relation to the condition of the oppressed communities. Although their pathways, ideological foundations, and methods differed profoundly, their ultimate commitment to uplifting…