Introduction Disasters, whether natural or human-induced, have become a recurring feature of modern societies. In a country like India—characterized by diverse geography, high population density, and increasing climate variability—the impact of disasters can be devastating. However, the extent of destruction is not solely determined by the magnitude of the hazard, but largely by the level…
Introduction In recent years, India’s major cities have repeatedly witnessed devastating floods—Mumbai (2005, 2017, 2021), Chennai (2015, 2023), Bengaluru (2022), Hyderabad (2020), Gurugram (2016), and Delhi (2023) are prominent examples. These events have disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and caused significant economic losses. Urban flooding, once considered an occasional phenomenon, has become frequent and intense….
Introduction The Himalayas, often referred to as the “Third Pole,” are home to the largest concentration of glaciers outside the polar regions. These glaciers are vital for sustaining perennial rivers such as the Ganga, Yamuna, Indus, and Brahmaputra. However, in recent decades, the Himalayan glaciers have been retreating at an alarming rate, threatening not only…