Introduction Oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth’s surface and are essential for maintaining global climate, supporting biodiversity, and regulating biogeochemical cycles. Within this vast expanse, ocean currents and water masses play critical roles in shaping marine ecosystems, influencing climate, and affecting coastal environments. While ocean currents are large-scale horizontal flows of seawater driven…
Introduction to Watersheds A watershed is a land area that drains or “sheds” water into a common body of water, such as a river, lake, or ocean. It is defined by the boundaries of the highest points of land, which direct rainfall and other forms of precipitation into streams, rivers, or other water sources within…
Introduction The Northern Atlantic Ocean is a vast and dynamic body of water characterized by complex ocean currents that play a crucial role in regulating global climate, marine ecosystems, and weather patterns. These currents influence navigation, fisheries, and coastal environments. Understanding their origins, movements, and impacts is essential for both scientific and economic purposes. This…