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Vande Mataram Row Explained

Vande Mataram Row Explained: History, Constitutional Status, and Contemporary Debate

Introduction “Vande Mataram” occupies a unique emotional and historical place in India’s freedom struggle. Revered by many as a symbol of resistance against colonial rule, the song continues to evoke patriotic sentiment across generations. However, despite its national significance, it has repeatedly been at the centre of political and social debates. Recent controversies surrounding its…

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Indian Secularism in Comparison with Western Traditions

Understanding Indian Secularism in Comparison with Western Traditions

Introduction Secularism is widely regarded as a foundational principle of modern democratic states, ensuring freedom of religion and equality of all citizens. However, secularism does not carry a single universal meaning. Different societies have shaped it according to their historical experiences, cultural diversity, and political needs. India and the Western world represent two distinct models…

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