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Critically Assessing the Role of FPOs and e-NAM in Transforming Indian Agriculture

Introduction Indian agriculture, despite being a major livelihood source for more than 50% of the population, has long been trapped in issues of fragmentation, low productivity, price volatility, and weak market linkages. In this context, two key institutional reforms—Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and the electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM)—have been introduced to transform the structure…

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pcs mains examinations

Minimum Support Price (MSP): Impact on Agricultural Production and Farmer Welfare, and the Case for Legal Guarantee

Introduction Agriculture remains the backbone of the Indian economy, providing livelihood to more than 50% of the population. In this context, the Minimum Support Price (MSP) plays a critical role in protecting farmers from market fluctuations and ensuring fair returns for their produce. Introduced as a policy mechanism to safeguard farmers against the vagaries of…

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