Introduction In a democratic political system like India, public policy making is not limited to elected representatives and bureaucratic institutions alone. A wide range of non-governmental actors continuously interact with the state to influence policy decisions. Among these actors, pressure groups occupy a crucial position. Pressure groups are organized groups that seek to influence government…
Introduction India, the world’s fifth-largest economy in nominal GDP terms and the third-largest in purchasing power parity (PPP), continues to be a major player in global economic affairs. With a population exceeding 1.4 billion and a young demographic profile, India possesses immense potential for sustained growth. Over the past three decades, the Indian economy has…
Introduction India is one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world, yet it simultaneously faces the persistent and deepening challenge of economic inequality. While aggregate indicators such as GDP growth, foreign investment, and stock market performance suggest economic progress, the benefits of this growth are unevenly distributed across regions, social groups, genders, and occupations….
Introduction India is often described as one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies. High GDP growth rates, expanding digital infrastructure, rising foreign investment, and global recognition of India’s market potential create an image of economic success. However, alongside this growth narrative lies a troubling paradox: joblessness and underemployment continue to rise, especially among youth and…
Introduction Economic planning in India has been one of the most significant pillars of the nation’s developmental journey after Independence. To ensure the systematic and balanced economic growth of a newly independent nation, the Government of India established institutional mechanisms that could formulate, implement, and monitor development strategies. Two such crucial institutions were the Planning…
Introduction Economic planning has been the cornerstone of India’s development strategy since independence. After centuries of colonial exploitation, India inherited an economy characterized by poverty, unemployment, low productivity, and regional imbalances. To overcome these challenges and promote rapid development, the Government of India adopted a system of planned economic growth, primarily through a series of…
Introduction Foreign exchange and exchange rate systems are central to the functioning of modern economies in an interconnected world. They determine the value of a country’s currency in relation to others, directly affecting trade, investment, capital flows, tourism, and economic stability. For a developing economy like India, foreign exchange management and exchange rate policy are…
Introduction Economic reforms in India represent one of the most significant turning points in the nation’s history since independence. Initiated in 1991 under the leadership of then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, these reforms marked the transition from a protectionist, state-dominated economy toward a liberalized, market-oriented system. The…
4o mini Introduction The Make in India initiative, launched in 2014 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, aimed to transform India into a global manufacturing hub. With an emphasis on promoting domestic manufacturing and boosting employment, it sought to attract foreign investment, foster innovation, and build a self-reliant economy. The campaign encouraged global companies to set…
Introduction Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) is a transformative policy initiative launched by the Government of India to enhance the efficiency and transparency of welfare schemes. It aims to directly transfer subsidies and benefits to the beneficiaries’ bank accounts, thereby eliminating intermediaries, reducing leakages, and ensuring the targeted delivery of government assistance. Introduced in 2013, DBT…