El Niño Effect and Its Role in Unusual Climatic Happenings: A Critical Evaluation
Introduction Climate variability is one of the most pressing concerns in contemporary meteorology and environmental science. Unusual weather events such as prolonged droughts, floods, cyclones, heatwaves, and cold spells often disrupt ecosystems, agriculture, and human livelihoods. Among the various phenomena studied to explain such irregularities, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)—particularly its warm phase, El Niño—has…