Introduction Climate change has accelerated the melting of polar ice in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions, leading to significant consequences for global weather systems and human societies. While both regions are polar and covered by ice, the Arctic is a frozen ocean surrounded by land, whereas the Antarctic is a frozen continent surrounded by…
Introduction Mountains are some of the most influential geographical features on Earth, not only shaping landscapes but also profoundly affecting climate, weather patterns, and biodiversity. The alignment of mountain ranges determines the distribution of rainfall, temperature variations, wind patterns, and even the occurrence of deserts. Understanding the relationship between mountains and weather is crucial for…
Introduction Water bodies such as lakes, ponds, wetlands, and rivers are essential components of the natural ecosystem. They regulate the hydrological cycle, recharge groundwater, control floods, provide habitats for biodiversity, and support human settlements through water supply, agriculture, and recreation. However, in rapidly urbanizing regions of the world—including India—natural water bodies are increasingly being reclaimed…
Introduction Alaska, the largest state in the USA, covers over 663,000 square miles and spans a vast range of latitudes and terrains. From the arctic tundra in the north to the temperate rainforests of the southeast, Alaska exhibits one of the most diverse and extreme climates in North America. Its climate and wind patterns are…
Introduction The United States spans mountains, deserts, prairies, vast lakes, and three major coasts. That variety creates distinct local winds—recurring wind patterns tied to terrain, water, and daily heating/cooling cycles. These winds don’t just make for colorful weather; they influence where people live, how homes are built, wildfire risk, energy use, transportation, and what farmers…
Introduction India is an agrarian country where a large portion of the population depends on agriculture for livelihood. With the rising population, rapid urbanization, and industrial growth, pressure on water resources has increased manifold. In this context, it becomes crucial to utilize water resources for multiple purposes. This is where Multipurpose River Valley Projects come…