Introduction Desertification is a gradual transformation of productive land into degraded, unproductive terrain due to environmental stress and unsustainable human activities. It is most prominent in arid and semi-arid regions, where ecological balance is already fragile. Instead of being a sudden phenomenon, desertification evolves over time through the interaction of climate variability and anthropogenic pressures….
1. Introduction Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges of the 21st century. Rapid industrialization, deforestation, urbanization, and the overuse of fossil fuels have resulted in rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, global warming, extreme weather events, and ecosystem degradation. These changes pose severe threats to human health, agriculture, water resources, biodiversity, and…
Introduction The Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012–17) marked the last in the series of Five-Year Plans implemented by the Planning Commission of India before its dissolution in 2014. The Plan was a continuation of the country’s strategy for inclusive, sustainable, and rapid economic growth, building upon the achievements of previous plans. Formulated in the backdrop of…