Introduction Plate tectonics is a fundamental geological theory that explains the movement of Earth’s lithospheric plates and their interactions. This dynamic process shapes Earth’s surface, creating various landforms through mechanisms such as divergence, convergence, and transform motion. The movement of these plates leads to the formation of mountains, valleys, volcanoes, oceanic trenches, rift valleys, and…
Wind is one of the most powerful natural forces that shape the Earth’s surface, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Wind erosion and deposition create a variety of unique landforms that contribute to the dynamic nature of desert landscapes. These landforms result from the processes of deflation, abrasion, and sediment transport. The following sections explore…
Introduction Glaciers are among the most powerful geological agents shaping the Earth’s surface. In high mountain areas, they play a crucial role in sculpting landscapes through processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition. Over thousands of years, glaciers carve valleys, form unique landforms, and leave behind distinctive geological features that define high-altitude terrains. These changes are…