Introduction Slogans often capture the spirit of an era. In India’s post-Independence journey, few slogans have carried as much symbolic weight as “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan” (Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer). Coined by Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in the mid-1960s, this phrase encapsulated two pillars considered vital for national survival—defence and agriculture. Emerging…
Introduction The Tashkent Agreement occupies a significant place in the diplomatic history of South Asia. Signed on 10 January 1966 between India and Pakistan, the agreement marked a formal conclusion to the Indo-Pak War of 1965 and aimed at restoring peace between the two newly independent nations. Mediated by the Soviet Union, the agreement reflected…
Introduction The emergence of Bangladesh in December 1971 represents one of the most significant geopolitical transformations in South Asia. India’s decisive intervention in the liberation struggle of East Pakistan was not merely an act of regional altruism but a calculated response to an extraordinary convergence of humanitarian, strategic, political, and security pressures. India’s involvement altered…
Introduction Maulana Abul Kalam Azad stands among the foremost architects of modern India. A freedom fighter, scholar, journalist, and visionary educationist, Azad combined spiritual depth with political realism. His life represents a synthesis of nationalism, pluralism, and intellectual leadership. Unlike many contemporaries who specialized in either political activism or institutional governance, Azad contributed significantly to…
Introduction The framing of the Indian Constitution between 1946 and 1949 remains one of the most remarkable achievements in modern constitutional history. The Constituent Assembly completed the monumental task of drafting a comprehensive constitution for a vast, diverse, and newly independent nation in less than three years. This accomplishment becomes even more impressive when viewed…