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India’s Tribal Communities

Protecting India’s Tribal Communities: Two Landmark Legal Initiatives Against Discrimination

Introduction Scheduled Tribes (STs), often referred to as Adivasis, constitute one of India’s most historically marginalized communities. Living primarily in forested, hilly, and remote regions, tribal populations have faced systemic exclusion, land alienation, social discrimination, and economic deprivation for centuries. Colonial forest policies, exploitative intermediaries, and post-independence development projects further intensified their vulnerability. Recognizing this…

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Indian Society: Tradition Meets Transformation

Indian Society: Tradition Meets Transformation

Introduction Indian society is one of the world’s oldest continuously living civilizations. Over thousands of years, it has experienced invasions, colonialism, modernization, globalization, and rapid technological change. Yet, despite these transformations, Indian society has preserved a remarkable continuity of traditional social values. Concepts such as family bonds, respect for elders, spiritual orientation, community life, and…

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Tribal Knowledge Systems in Comparison with Mainstream Knowledge and Cultural Frameworks

Tribal Knowledge Systems vs Mainstream Culture

Introduction Human societies have developed diverse systems of knowledge over thousands of years. While mainstream knowledge systems—largely shaped by formal education, scientific institutions, written traditions, and state governance—dominate contemporary discourse, tribal knowledge systems represent an equally profound but often underappreciated intellectual heritage. Tribal knowledge is rooted in lived experience, ecological intimacy, oral traditions, and collective…

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economic reforms

Institutional Quality Is a Crucial Driver of Economic Performance

Introduction Economic performance of a nation is not determined merely by natural resources, capital investment, or technological advancement. Increasingly, development economists and governance scholars agree that institutional quality—the effectiveness, integrity, accountability, and responsiveness of public institutions—is a decisive factor in shaping long-term economic growth. Among all institutions, the civil service occupies a central position because…

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Civil Society and NGOs

Civil Society and NGOs as Alternative Models of Public Service Delivery

Introduction Public service delivery is central to the legitimacy and effectiveness of the modern state. In a country like India, where social diversity, population size, and regional disparities pose serious governance challenges, the state often struggles to deliver services efficiently, equitably, and inclusively. This has led to increasing attention toward civil society organizations (CSOs) and…

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Primary Health Infrastructure and Welfare State

Primary Health Infrastructure and Welfare State

Introduction Health is not merely the absence of disease; it is a foundational pillar of human well-being, social justice, and economic progress. In a welfare state, providing accessible and affordable healthcare to citizens is considered a moral imperative, rooted in the principles of equity, dignity, and social responsibility. However, in the contemporary development discourse, health—particularly…

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Inequality and Development in India

Inequality and Development in India: Analysis and the Role of Government Welfare Schemes

Introduction Economic development in India over the past few decades has been characterized by high GDP growth, rapid expansion of the service sector, technological advancements, and poverty reduction. However, the persistence of economic inequality poses a serious challenge to sustainable and inclusive development. Inequality is multifaceted, encompassing disparities in income, wealth, education, employment opportunities, and…

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Economic Inequality in India

Economic Inequality and India’s Demographic Dividend: Challenges and Pathways to Inclusive Growth

Introduction India is currently experiencing a unique demographic phenomenon: a demographic dividend, characterized by a large working-age population relative to dependents. This demographic structure presents an unparalleled opportunity for accelerated economic growth, productivity enhancement, and global competitiveness. Estimates suggest that by 2030, India will have the largest working-age population in the world, with over 65%…

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Economy Challenges

Economic Inequality in India: Dimensions and the Impact of Regional and Social Disparities on Inclusive Development

Introduction Economic inequality has emerged as one of the most critical challenges facing India in the 21st century. Despite sustained economic growth, technological progress, and rising global integration, the benefits of development have not been distributed evenly across society. Inequality in India is not limited to income differences alone; it spans wealth ownership, access to…

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Five-Year Plans in India

Five-Year Plans in India: History, Implementation, and the 15-Year Vision Document

Introduction Economic planning has been the cornerstone of India’s development strategy since independence. After centuries of colonial exploitation, India inherited an economy characterized by poverty, unemployment, low productivity, and regional imbalances. To overcome these challenges and promote rapid development, the Government of India adopted a system of planned economic growth, primarily through a series of…

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