Introduction India’s financial system is a complex network comprising various types of institutions, each playing a crucial role in ensuring the economy’s smooth functioning. Among these institutions, Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have gained significant importance over the past few decades. These entities serve as an alternative to traditional banks, providing a wide range of financial…
Introduction The Indian stock market has undergone a remarkable transformation since the country’s economic liberalization in 1991. Prior to this, the Indian financial markets were highly regulated, with significant government control over key sectors of the economy. The liberalization process marked a shift towards market-driven policies, fostering greater competition, foreign investment, and economic integration with…
Introduction India’s economic growth story since the 1990s has been marked by robust GDP expansion. However, a striking paradox has emerged in recent years—despite steady or even high economic growth, employment generation has not kept pace. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as jobless growth, is one of the most pressing challenges facing the Indian economy…
Introduction Monetary policy is a critical component of a country’s macroeconomic management. It involves regulating the money supply, interest rates, and credit availability in the economy to maintain price stability, ensure adequate liquidity, and foster economic growth. In India, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is entrusted with the responsibility of formulating and implementing monetary…
Introduction In a diverse and developing country like India, economic growth alone cannot ensure inclusive development unless it addresses existing inequalities, particularly those based on gender. One of the most effective tools for integrating gender perspectives into economic policymaking is Gender Budgeting. Introduced in India in the early 2000s, gender budgeting has gradually evolved from…
Introduction India’s economic aspirations rest heavily on sound fiscal management. The fiscal deficit and public debt are critical indicators of a nation’s financial health. While these are not inherently problematic, their sustained rise poses significant challenges for macroeconomic stability, inflation control, and long-term growth. Over the past few years—especially post-COVID-19—India has witnessed a marked increase…
4o mini Introduction The Make in India initiative, launched in 2014 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, aimed to transform India into a global manufacturing hub. With an emphasis on promoting domestic manufacturing and boosting employment, it sought to attract foreign investment, foster innovation, and build a self-reliant economy. The campaign encouraged global companies to set…
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic posed an unprecedented challenge to global economies, and India was no exception. As the world grappled with the crisis, India’s economy witnessed a historic downturn in 2020. However, in the wake of these hardships, the country embarked on a road to recovery, with various measures taken by the government to bolster…
Introduction India’s transformation into a globally significant economy depends on inclusive planning, decentralization, and sustainable practices. In this context, the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), established in 2015, replaced the Planning Commission to better align with the needs of a dynamic and market-oriented economy. With the core principles of cooperative federalism, innovation, and…
Introduction India embarked on a new economic trajectory in 1991 with the adoption of liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG) reforms. These reforms marked a structural shift from a predominantly state-controlled economy to a more market-oriented system. The intent was to boost growth, attract foreign investment, improve efficiency, and integrate India with the global economy. Over…