A fiscal deficit is an essential concept in the field of public finance and plays a critical role in understanding a country’s economic health. In simple terms, a fiscal deficit occurs when a government’s total expenditure exceeds the revenue that it generates, excluding borrowing. It is often expressed as a percentage of a country’s GDP…
Infrastructure development plays a crucial role in the economic growth of any nation. It serves as the backbone of a country’s progress by improving connectivity, enhancing productivity, and attracting investments. For a developing economy like India, well-planned infrastructure development is essential for sustained growth, job creation, and improved living standards. The Indian government has launched…
Globalization has significantly influenced India’s economy since the economic liberalization of 1991. It has led to rapid economic growth, increased foreign investments, and expanded trade opportunities. Various sectors, including agriculture, industry, and services, have experienced profound transformations. While globalization has presented numerous opportunities, it has also posed challenges that India continues to address. 1. Understanding…
Inflation is one of the most critical macroeconomic challenges affecting India’s economy. It refers to the sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services over time. While moderate inflation is considered beneficial for economic growth, high and persistent inflation erodes purchasing power, increases the cost of living, and creates financial instability. In…
Introduction India’s economic planning has undergone a significant transformation over the years. The Planning Commission, which played a central role in India’s economic policy framework for over six decades, was replaced by the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) in 2015. This shift marked a strategic move towards a more decentralized, inclusive, and market-driven…
The banking sector in India is a critical pillar of the country’s financial system, facilitating economic growth, financial inclusion, and capital formation. Over the past few years, the sector has undergone significant changes, driven by regulatory reforms, digital transformation, and government interventions. However, it has also faced persistent challenges, including non-performing assets (NPAs), financial fraud,…
Introduction Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in India’s economic development, contributing significantly to GDP, employment, exports, and industrial output. Often referred to as the backbone of the Indian economy, MSMEs are instrumental in promoting entrepreneurship, fostering innovation, and supporting inclusive growth. However, despite their contributions, MSMEs face multiple challenges, including…
Introduction The economic reforms of 1991 marked a turning point in India’s economic history. Prior to 1991, the Indian economy was characterized by a mixed economic model with a heavy reliance on state control, licensing systems, and protectionist policies. However, due to a severe balance of payments crisis, the government was compelled to introduce a…
Introduction Urbanization has been one of the most defining trends of modern economic development. In India, the rapid expansion of cities and towns has significantly contributed to economic growth, industrialization, and infrastructure development. With an increasing population migrating to urban centers in search of better employment opportunities, education, healthcare, and living standards, urbanization has become…
Introduction The iron and steel industry is one of the most significant sectors in India’s industrial landscape. It forms the backbone of economic development, providing raw materials for infrastructure, transportation, and manufacturing. The industry is primarily concentrated in specific regions due to the availability of raw materials, proximity to markets, labor supply, and favorable government…