Introduction Public expenditure refers to the spending incurred by the government to meet the developmental, administrative, and welfare needs of the nation. In any economy, the government plays multiple roles – as a provider of essential services, a regulator of markets, a promoter of social justice, and a facilitator of economic growth. To fulfill these…
Introduction Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a key mechanism for delivering large-scale development projects by combining the strengths of the public and private sectors. Governments around the world face the dual challenge of meeting rising infrastructure and social service demands while managing limited fiscal resources. PPPs offer a solution by leveraging private sector investment,…
Introduction India, the world’s fifth-largest economy, has embarked on an ambitious journey to become a $5 trillion economy by the mid-2020s. This goal, set by the Government of India, reflects the nation’s aspiration to accelerate economic growth, enhance global competitiveness, and improve living standards for its citizens. Achieving this target requires sustained efforts across multiple…
Introduction Infrastructure is the backbone of any modern economy. From roads, railways, and ports to power grids, internet connectivity, and urban transport systems, the development of infrastructure significantly influences a region’s ability to grow economically. Infrastructure acts as both an enabler and catalyst of development—it facilitates trade, improves access to resources and services, reduces production…
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic posed an unprecedented challenge to global economies, and India was no exception. As the world grappled with the crisis, India’s economy witnessed a historic downturn in 2020. However, in the wake of these hardships, the country embarked on a road to recovery, with various measures taken by the government to bolster…