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Bretton Woods Conference

Bretton Woods Conference, IMF, and World Bank (IBRD): Foundations of the Modern Global Economic Order

Introduction The end of the Second World War marked not only a turning point in political and military history but also in the evolution of the world’s economic system. The economic instability and depression that followed World War I had shown that uncoordinated monetary policies and trade rivalries could lead to global chaos. To avoid…

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International Ethics in the Age of Globalization: A Critical Imperative for Peace and Stability

Globalization has transformed the world into an interconnected web of economic, political, and social relations. While it has led to unprecedented economic growth, cultural exchange, and technological advancement, it has also intensified global challenges such as economic inequality, political conflicts, environmental degradation, and human rights violations. In such a scenario, international ethics has become the…

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