Introduction International trade is the backbone of modern globalization, and its regulation has been one of the most significant challenges since the 20th century. Countries often face conflicts over tariffs, subsidies, and trade restrictions, which, if unresolved, can escalate into trade wars. To prevent such outcomes and promote a rules-based system of trade, global institutions…
Introduction Foreign exchange and exchange rate systems are central to the functioning of modern economies in an interconnected world. They determine the value of a country’s currency in relation to others, directly affecting trade, investment, capital flows, tourism, and economic stability. For a developing economy like India, foreign exchange management and exchange rate policy are…
Introduction The global economy has become increasingly interdependent, with international trade serving as a lifeline for growth, industrialization, and technological advancement. However, this interdependence also exposes countries to external shocks arising from disputes between major economic powers. The U.S.-China trade war, which began in 2018, has been one of the most significant disruptions in the…
Introduction In the globalized economy of the 21st century, international trade forms the backbone of economic growth for both developed and developing countries. For a country like India, which is steadily moving towards becoming the world’s third-largest economy, exports are not merely a source of foreign exchange but also a driver of industrial growth, employment…
Introduction In today’s interconnected world, supply chains form the backbone of the global economy. A supply chain is the complex network of production, transportation, distribution, and consumption processes that ensure goods and services reach consumers across different countries. From raw material extraction to manufacturing, packaging, shipping, and retail, supply chains integrate multiple sectors and economies….
Introduction The 21st century has witnessed a revolutionary transformation in the way money, finance, and trade operate. Traditional fiat currencies, governed by central banks and facilitated through commercial banks, are now being challenged by digital currencies. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) being developed by countries such as China and India,…
Introduction In the interconnected world economy, tariff wars have emerged as a critical tool for countries to assert economic dominance, protect domestic industries, and achieve political objectives. While nations like the United States, China, and the European Union often lead these conflicts, India, as a rising global economic player, plays a significant role in this…
Introduction In the era of globalization, nations are increasingly interconnected through trade, investment, and technology. However, global trade is often threatened by tariff wars, a type of economic conflict where countries impose taxes on imports to protect domestic industries or retaliate against trade practices deemed unfair. Tariff wars are a subset of trade wars, with…
Introduction Globalization refers to the process of increasing interconnectivity and interdependence among countries and regions through the exchange of goods, services, technology, and culture. Over the last few decades, globalization has become a driving force behind many economic, social, and political changes. While it has contributed to global economic growth and poverty reduction, it has…
Introduction The Abraham Accords, signed in 2020, marked a historic breakthrough in the geopolitics of West Asia (Middle East) by normalizing diplomatic relations between Israel and several Arab nations, including the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Morocco, and Sudan. These agreements, brokered by the United States, signaled a shift in regional alliances, economic cooperation, and…