Introduction “Dead Zones” are hypoxic (low-oxygen) regions in oceans, seas, and large freshwater bodies where oxygen levels are too low to sustain most marine life. Scientifically, hypoxia is defined as dissolved oxygen concentration below 2 mg/L, which is lethal for many fish, invertebrates, and benthic organisms. Dead zones have become one of the most pressing…
Introduction Oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth’s surface and are essential for maintaining global climate, supporting biodiversity, and regulating biogeochemical cycles. Within this vast expanse, ocean currents and water masses play critical roles in shaping marine ecosystems, influencing climate, and affecting coastal environments. While ocean currents are large-scale horizontal flows of seawater driven…
Introduction Coral reefs, often referred to as the “rainforests of the sea,” are among the most biologically diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. They provide shelter, food, and breeding grounds for nearly one-quarter of all marine species, despite covering less than 1% of the ocean floor. Beyond biodiversity, coral ecosystems contribute to human societies by…