Introduction The advent of nuclear weapons has profoundly transformed international security and warfare dynamics. Since the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, the world has grappled with the devastating consequences of nuclear warfare. While nuclear disarmament remains a noble aspiration, the reality of global politics suggests that nuclear deterrence is the most effective strategy…
Introduction The last two decades have witnessed a significant rise in international terrorism, posing a severe challenge to global peace and security. Terrorism, driven by ideological, political, economic, and religious motives, has affected almost every part of the world. Nations have been compelled to rethink their security policies, strengthen international cooperation, and take firm actions…
Introduction The period between 3000 and 300 B.C. witnessed one of the most significant advancements in human civilization—the widespread utilization of iron mineral. The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age marked a fundamental shift in socio-economic structures, influencing agriculture, warfare, trade, and governance. The emergence of iron metallurgy led to technological innovations…
Introduction Geopolitical divisions play a crucial role in shaping the political, economic, and social dynamics of a country. The terms “frontier” and “boundary” are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings in geography and international relations. While a boundary is a fixed and legally defined line that separates two political entities, a frontier is…
Introduction Benito Mussolini, the leader of Fascist Italy from 1922 to 1943, pursued an aggressive and expansionist foreign policy aimed at restoring Italy’s status as a great power. His foreign policy was guided by the ideals of nationalism, militarism, and imperialism, reflecting the core principles of Fascism. While he sought to establish Italy as a…