The end of the World War II in 1945 marked a decisive turning point in global politics. Unlike the aftermath of the First World War, which created fragile peace arrangements, the post–Second World War order fundamentally reshaped the structure of international relations. Old European empires declined, new superpowers emerged, ideological rivalries intensified, and formal military…
Introduction The relationship between the United States and Russia has been one of the most consequential and complex in modern global history. From the post-World War II era to the present day, U.S.-Russia relations have shaped international politics, security dynamics, economic policies, and ideological confrontations worldwide. This relationship, often referred to as the Cold War…
Introduction Nuclear proliferation, the spread of nuclear weapons and technology to states that do not possess them, poses a major challenge to global security. Since the advent of nuclear weapons in 1945, countries and international organizations have sought to limit their spread due to their catastrophic potential. However, nuclear technology has also been used for…