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Islands in the Indonesian and Philippine Archipelagos

Formation of Thousands of Islands in the Indonesian and Philippine Archipelagos

Introduction The Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the most remarkable island groups in the world. Indonesia, the world’s largest archipelagic state, consists of more than 17,000 islands, while the Philippines comprises over 7,600 islands. These islands are not only geographically significant but also hold immense ecological, cultural, and economic value. The origin of these…

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The Role of Plate Tectonics in the Formation of Different Landforms

Introduction Plate tectonics is a fundamental geological theory that explains the movement of Earth’s lithospheric plates and their interactions. This dynamic process shapes Earth’s surface, creating various landforms through mechanisms such as divergence, convergence, and transform motion. The movement of these plates leads to the formation of mountains, valleys, volcanoes, oceanic trenches, rift valleys, and…

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