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Economic Significance and Environmental Consequences

Economic Significance and Environmental Consequences of Oil Discovery in the Arctic Sea

Introduction The Arctic region, encompassing the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding territories, is one of the last frontiers for global energy exploration. With retreating sea ice due to climate change, vast reserves of hydrocarbons—particularly oil and natural gas—have become accessible, making the Arctic a focal point of geopolitical, economic, and environmental interest. According to the…

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Oceanic Salinity

Oceanic Salinity: Causes, Variations, and Multi-Dimensional Effects

Introduction Oceanic salinity refers to the concentration of dissolved salts, primarily sodium chloride (NaCl), in seawater. Salinity is usually expressed in parts per thousand (ppt) or grams of salt per kilogram of seawater. On average, the world’s oceans have a salinity of about 35 ppt, but this value varies widely depending on geographic location, depth,…

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