Introduction In the age of globalization, regional economic cooperation plays a crucial role in promoting peace, prosperity, and sustainable growth. Countries across the world form economic groupings and trade blocs to strengthen regional integration, enhance trade, and ensure collective progress.In South and Southeast Asia, several such initiatives have emerged, including the South Asian Free Trade…
1. International Labour Organization (ILO) Introduction The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that deals with labour issues, employment rights, and social justice. It was established in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles, making it one of the oldest international organizations still active today. The ILO…
Introduction Petroleum refineries are industrial facilities where crude oil is processed into useful products such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, lubricants, and petrochemical feedstocks. While one might logically assume that refineries are located close to crude oil producing areas to minimize transportation costs, in many developing countries, refineries are often situated far from oil…
Introduction Infrastructure is the backbone of economic development. It encompasses the physical, organizational, and technological frameworks that support economic activities and improve the quality of life. Roads, railways, ports, airports, power supply, water, telecommunications, and digital networks are all integral components of infrastructure. A well-developed infrastructure network reduces costs, facilitates trade, attracts investment, and improves…
Introduction Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a pivotal role in India’s economic landscape. Often referred to as the backbone of the Indian economy, MSMEs contribute significantly to GDP, employment generation, export promotion, and regional development. These enterprises act as a bridge between large industries and the grassroots economy, promoting entrepreneurship, innovation, and inclusive…
Introduction Industrial corridors are large infrastructure projects aimed at boosting industrialization, economic growth, and regional development. These corridors serve as growth engines by integrating industries, transport networks, and urbanization, leading to the holistic development of various regions in India. The government of India has launched several industrial corridor projects, such as the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor…
Introduction The Bodo problem has been one of the most complex ethnic and political issues in India, particularly in Assam. The conflict primarily involves the Bodo ethnic group, which has historically demanded greater autonomy, recognition of its cultural identity, and territorial rights. Over the decades, the movement has seen periods of violent insurgency, political negotiations,…
Introduction The National Institution for Transforming India, commonly known as NITI Aayog, is a policy think tank of the Indian government that was established on January 1, 2015, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. NITI Aayog replaces the erstwhile Planning Commission, which had been in existence since 1950. The creation of NITI Aayog was a significant…
Eastern Uttar Pradesh (EUP), encompassing districts like Varanasi, Gorakhpur, Azamgarh, and others, is one of the most populous and historically significant regions of India. Despite its strategic location, fertile land, and cultural importance, EUP has faced persistent challenges that have hindered its economic and social development. This underdevelopment can be attributed to several interconnected factors,…
The term “Heritage Arch” refers to a metaphorical or physical framework that recognizes and celebrates the historical, cultural, and architectural legacy of a region, city, or country. This arch is not just a singular structure; it embodies a collection of historical sites, monuments, traditions, and practices that contribute to the cultural richness of a particular…