Introduction Communalism refers to a social phenomenon in which religious identity becomes the primary basis for political mobilization, social conflict, and group loyalty. In plural societies like India, communalism poses a serious challenge to social harmony and democratic governance. While communal tensions are often portrayed as outcomes of religious differences, a deeper sociological analysis reveals…
Introduction Secularism is widely regarded as a foundational principle of modern democratic states, ensuring freedom of religion and equality of all citizens. However, secularism does not carry a single universal meaning. Different societies have shaped it according to their historical experiences, cultural diversity, and political needs. India and the Western world represent two distinct models…
Introduction Slogans often capture the spirit of an era. In India’s post-Independence journey, few slogans have carried as much symbolic weight as “Jai Jawan Jai Kisan” (Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer). Coined by Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in the mid-1960s, this phrase encapsulated two pillars considered vital for national survival—defence and agriculture. Emerging…