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Poverty in India

Poverty in India: Trends, Estimates and the Rural–Urban Divide

Introduction Poverty reduction has remained a central objective of India’s development strategy since Independence. Over the decades, several institutions and scholars have produced different estimates of poverty using varying methodologies, poverty lines, and indicators. While these estimates often differ in magnitude, a common conclusion emerging from most studies is that poverty levels in India have…

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Urban migration and livelihoods, MSME development for marginalized groups

Welfare Protection and Urban Economic Inclusion: A Critical Examination of Government Schemes for Vulnerable Communities

Introduction Governments across the world, including India, design special schemes to uplift vulnerable and backward communities by protecting essential social resources such as land, forests, education opportunities, reservations, subsidies, and welfare entitlements. These measures are rooted in the principles of social justice, equity, and historical correction. However, a growing concern is whether such protective mechanisms—while…

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