The sex ratio — defined as the number of females per 1,000 males — is a key demographic indicator reflecting gender equity, social norms, health outcomes, and cultural practices within a population. In India, data from the Census of India and National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) consistently show that many tribal groups (often referred to…
Introduction Poverty is often narrowly understood as a lack of income. However, modern development thinking recognizes poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon involving deprivation of opportunities, capabilities, dignity, and basic rights. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen conceptualized poverty as a “capability deprivation,” emphasizing that real poverty lies in the inability of individuals to live lives they value….
Introduction Scheduled Tribes (STs), often referred to as Adivasis, constitute one of India’s most historically marginalized communities. Living primarily in forested, hilly, and remote regions, tribal populations have faced systemic exclusion, land alienation, social discrimination, and economic deprivation for centuries. Colonial forest policies, exploitative intermediaries, and post-independence development projects further intensified their vulnerability. Recognizing this…
Uttar Pradesh (UP), one of India’s most populous states, is home to a significant number of Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), who have historically been marginalized and faced significant social and economic disadvantages. Recognizing the need for targeted interventions to uplift these communities, the government of Uttar Pradesh has implemented several welfare schemes…