Introduction Urbanization is one of the most powerful and transformative processes shaping the Earth’s surface today. While cities are engines of economic growth and human development, they also profoundly alter the natural environment. Among the most significant and widely studied environmental impacts of urbanization is the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon—a condition where urban areas…
Introduction Water bodies such as lakes, ponds, wetlands, and rivers are essential components of the natural ecosystem. They regulate the hydrological cycle, recharge groundwater, control floods, provide habitats for biodiversity, and support human settlements through water supply, agriculture, and recreation. However, in rapidly urbanizing regions of the world—including India—natural water bodies are increasingly being reclaimed…
Introduction The United States, a nation of vast landmass and diverse geography, has experienced profound urbanization over the past two centuries. Today, it hosts multiple megacities, urban regions with populations exceeding 10 million, as well as numerous large metropolitan areas. Urbanization has reshaped the economic, social, and environmental landscape of the country. Cities such as…
Introduction India, known for its diverse geography and climate, experiences a wide range of temperature variations throughout the year. From the snow-capped Himalayas in the north to the tropical coasts in the south, the contrast in climate is striking. This variation becomes particularly noticeable during summer and winter when some regions face scorching heat while…