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Islands in the Indonesian and Philippine Archipelagos

Formation of Thousands of Islands in the Indonesian and Philippine Archipelagos

Introduction The Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the most remarkable island groups in the world. Indonesia, the world’s largest archipelagic state, consists of more than 17,000 islands, while the Philippines comprises over 7,600 islands. These islands are not only geographically significant but also hold immense ecological, cultural, and economic value. The origin of these…

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Global Volcanic Eruptions

Global Volcanic Eruptions: Environmental Impacts from 2021 to 2025

Introduction Volcanic eruptions are among the most powerful natural phenomena on Earth. They are capable of reshaping landscapes, influencing global and regional climate, disrupting ecosystems, and affecting human settlements. While destructive in the short term, volcanic activity plays a crucial role in soil enrichment, land formation, and maintaining the Earth’s geological balance. Between 2021 and…

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