Introduction India is one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world, yet it simultaneously faces the persistent and deepening challenge of economic inequality. While aggregate indicators such as GDP growth, foreign investment, and stock market performance suggest economic progress, the benefits of this growth are unevenly distributed across regions, social groups, genders, and occupations….
Introduction Economics is not merely the study of wealth or resource allocation — it is also about how these resources affect human welfare. The branch of economics that explicitly focuses on this aspect is known as Welfare Economics. It deals with the evaluation of economic policies and conditions in terms of their impact on the…
Introduction In economics, the concept of elasticity of demand is one of the most fundamental tools for understanding consumer behavior and market dynamics. It measures how sensitive the quantity demanded of a good is to changes in various factors such as price, income, and the prices of related goods. This concept plays a crucial role…
Introduction The concept of consumer surplus occupies a central place in the field of welfare economics and microeconomic analysis. It provides an important measure of the benefit or satisfaction that consumers derive from purchasing goods and services in the market. The theory of consumer surplus was first developed by the English economist Alfred Marshall, who…
Introduction In economics, the concept of choice is fundamental because human wants are unlimited, but resources are scarce. Every individual, firm, or nation faces the problem of how to allocate limited resources among competing uses. The Law of Substitution plays a vital role in understanding this process of decision-making and resource allocation. It is based…
Introduction Universal Basic Income (UBI) has emerged as one of the most debated economic and social policy ideas in the 21st century. The concept advocates for providing all citizens with a guaranteed, unconditional sum of money regularly, regardless of their employment status, income, or wealth. Supporters argue that UBI has the potential to eradicate poverty,…
Introduction Economic growth is essential for national development, but it must be accompanied by equality and distributive justice to ensure that the benefits reach all sections of society. Inclusive growth refers to a development process that fosters economic expansion while reducing inequalities in wealth, opportunities, and social mobility. In India, various policy measures have been…