Introduction In recent years, India has steadily expanded its scientific infrastructure to match global standards in space and astronomical research. One of the most significant developments in this direction is the expansion of telescope facilities in Ladakh — a region uniquely suited for high-precision observations of the universe. The Ladakh telescope expansion represents a strategic…
Introduction Inflation measurement plays a central role in shaping monetary policy, welfare schemes, wage negotiations, and economic planning. In India, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) has emerged as the primary indicator of retail inflation, directly influencing policy decisions taken by Reserve Bank of India and welfare targeting by the government. Recognizing rapid changes in consumption…
Introduction Courts do more than interpret laws — they shape social attitudes, define justice, and influence how dignity and equality are experienced by ordinary citizens. In recent years, India’s higher judiciary has increasingly acknowledged that unconscious bias and gender stereotypes can quietly enter judicial reasoning, especially in cases involving sexual violence, domestic abuse, and gender…
Introduction The Industrial Relations Code (IRC), 2020 was India’s effort to consolidate and modernise fragmented labour laws governing industrial peace, worker rights, trade unions, and dispute resolution. However, within a few years of its implementation, challenges in interpretation, implementation, and socio‑economic impact prompted policymakers to revisit the law. In 2026, the government introduced the Industrial…
Introduction Relations between India and Bangladesh have historically been shaped by geography, shared culture, economic interdependence, and strategic concerns. Over the last decade, bilateral ties strengthened significantly due to close cooperation on connectivity, security, energy, and people-to-people exchanges. However, a political transition in Bangladesh following the electoral victory of Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) introduces a…
Introduction India’s fiscal federalism relies on a sophisticated machinery of constitutional bodies that allocate resources between the Centre and the states. Among these, the Finance Commission plays an indispensable role as the apex expert body responsible for equitable fiscal devolution. Established under Article 280 of the Constitution, the Commission periodically recommends how tax revenues should…
Introduction Artificial Intelligence is rapidly reshaping economies, governance systems, and social services across the world. While many countries focus primarily on building powerful AI models, India is taking a broader and more inclusive approach — developing an AI Applications Stack that connects technology directly with citizens’ everyday needs. Rather than limiting AI to elite research…
Introduction India has quietly entered a new phase in its civil nuclear journey with the introduction of the SHANTI Act (Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India Act). Rather than being just another amendment, this law represents a structural redesign of how nuclear power is owned, regulated, financed, and made accountable. For…
Introduction Inflation is not just an economic term — it directly affects household budgets, savings, investments, and government policy. In India, the most trusted indicator of retail inflation is the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Recently, India introduced a new CPI series with 2024 as the base year, replacing the older 2012 framework. This revision reflects…
Introduction History often tells us that civilizations developed independently and later came into contact through conquest or colonial expansion. However, archaeological discoveries increasingly reveal that ancient societies were deeply interconnected long before modern globalization. One such remarkable revelation is the identification of early Indian inscriptions inside Egypt’s royal burial complex known as the Valley of…