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unusual climatic happenings are as an outcome of the el-nino effect

El Niño Effect and Its Role in Unusual Climatic Happenings: A Critical Evaluation

Introduction Climate variability is one of the most pressing concerns in contemporary meteorology and environmental science. Unusual weather events such as prolonged droughts, floods, cyclones, heatwaves, and cold spells often disrupt ecosystems, agriculture, and human livelihoods. Among the various phenomena studied to explain such irregularities, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)—particularly its warm phase, El Niño—has…

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tea gardens all along the shivaliks and lesser himalaya from assam to himanchal pradesh

Why British Tea Plantations Succeeded Mainly in Darjeeling: Geography, Climate, and Economy

Introduction Tea cultivation has been an integral part of India’s colonial agricultural history. Introduced and popularized by the British during the 19th century, tea plantations transformed the socio-economic and ecological landscape of the Himalayan foothills. The Shivaliks and Lesser Himalaya, stretching from Assam in the east to Himachal Pradesh in the northwest, were initially targeted…

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Green Revolution Bypassed Eastern India

Why the Green Revolution Bypassed Eastern India: A Critical Analysis

Introduction The Green Revolution in India, initiated in the 1960s, marked a transformative period in Indian agriculture. It was characterized by the introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of wheat and rice, intensive use of chemical fertilizers, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, and adoption of modern farming practices. While this revolution dramatically increased food grain production in…

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the economic space of natural resource-rich Africa

India’s Engagement with Resource-Rich Africa: Strategic, Economic, and Developmental Perspectives

Introduction Africa, the world’s second-largest continent, is endowed with abundant natural resources, including oil, natural gas, coal, uranium, rare earth minerals, timber, and fertile agricultural land. Over the last two decades, Africa has emerged as a critical economic and strategic partner for many global powers seeking to secure energy, minerals, and markets for industrial growth….

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Changing Spatial Pattern of the Global Iron and Steel Industry

Global Shifts in the Iron and Steel Industry: Causes, Trends, and Emerging Patterns

Introduction The iron and steel industry has historically been the backbone of industrialization, shaping economic development, urbanization, and global trade patterns. Steel is indispensable for infrastructure, construction, automobiles, machinery, and defense industries. Over time, the spatial distribution of iron and steel production has undergone significant changes, influenced by technological advancements, resource availability, globalization, and policy…

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The Indus Water Treaty

The Indus Water Treaty: Historical Context, Provisions, and Implications in the Contemporary Era

Introduction Water has been one of the most critical natural resources shaping human civilization, particularly in South Asia, where rivers have historically supported dense populations, agriculture, and trade. Among these rivers, the Indus system has been of paramount importance, sustaining millions of people across present-day India and Pakistan. However, the political partition of the Indian…

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The South China Sea: Geopolitical Significance

The South China Sea: Geopolitical Significance in the Contemporary Context

Introduction The South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as one of the most contested maritime regions in the world. Geographically situated at the crossroads of the Asia-Pacific, it stretches across an area of around 3.5 million square kilometers, bounded by China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Despite its relatively modest size compared…

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Effective Land and Water Resource Management

Effective Land and Water Resource Management

The effective management of land and water resources plays a central role in alleviating poverty, reducing disasters, improving food security, and ensuring environmental sustainability. It is widely recognized that a mismanagement of these resources is at the core of many human miseries ranging from drought and famine to displacement, economic instability, and conflict. A systematic…

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