Introduction Volcanic eruptions are among the most powerful natural phenomena on Earth. They are capable of reshaping landscapes, influencing global and regional climate, disrupting ecosystems, and affecting human settlements. While destructive in the short term, volcanic activity plays a crucial role in soil enrichment, land formation, and maintaining the Earth’s geological balance. Between 2021 and…
Introduction Water bodies such as lakes, ponds, wetlands, and rivers are essential components of the natural ecosystem. They regulate the hydrological cycle, recharge groundwater, control floods, provide habitats for biodiversity, and support human settlements through water supply, agriculture, and recreation. However, in rapidly urbanizing regions of the world—including India—natural water bodies are increasingly being reclaimed…
Introduction India is geologically blessed with abundant mineral resources due to its ancient origins as part of the supercontinent Gondwana. The Gondwana landmass, which existed around 600 million years ago, broke into fragments that now constitute present-day South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and the Indian subcontinent. This supercontinent was rich in mineral wealth, particularly coal,…
Introduction Landslides are among the most destructive forms of natural disasters that occur due to the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials like rocks, debris, and soil under the influence of gravity. In India, landslides are a recurrent hazard, especially in the mountainous and hilly terrains that cover a significant portion of the country….
Introduction Floods are among the most frequent and devastating natural disasters that affect India almost every year. Due to its geographical location, monsoon dependency, and diverse river systems, India faces recurrent floods, particularly during the southwest monsoon season (June–September). These floods cause massive destruction to human life, livelihoods, infrastructure, agriculture, and the overall economy. The…
Introduction Floods are among the most frequent and devastating natural disasters in India. The northwestern plains, particularly Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and adjoining regions, have historically been vulnerable due to their river systems, irrigation networks, and dependence on monsoon rains. In recent years, the intensity and irregularity of rainfall have increased, leading to unprecedented flood…
Introduction The United States is home to a vast and diverse system of mountains that play a crucial role in geography, ecology, culture, and history. These mountains are not only important for their natural resources and tourism value but also hold deep cultural and spiritual significance for Native American tribes. Below is a list of…
🌱 Introduction Agriculture has always been the backbone of India’s economy, employing more than 50% of the population and contributing around 18% to the national GDP. However, for decades, Indian agriculture has been plagued by inefficiencies, low productivity, climate risks, and market access issues. As rural India evolves, Agri-Tech startups are stepping in to transform…
Introduction In agriculture, timing is everything. When to sow, irrigate, apply fertilizers, or harvest often depends on one critical factor: the weather. For farmers, especially in countries like India where over 60% of agriculture is rain-fed, weather uncertainty is a constant challenge. Unseasonal rains, droughts, hailstorms, and heatwaves can wipe out an entire crop cycle…
Introduction Agriculture, the backbone of human civilization, is under unprecedented pressure. Climate change, driven by rising greenhouse gas emissions, is affecting crop yields, soil health, water availability, and the livelihood of farmers—especially in climate-vulnerable countries like India. In response, the global agricultural community is turning toward Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAPs) as a robust strategy to…