Introduction Sustainable development has emerged as one of the most crucial objectives of modern governance, especially in the 21st century when nations are facing the dual challenge of economic growth and environmental protection. For India, a country with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, diverse ecosystems, and rapid urbanization, the pursuit of sustainable development is not…
Introduction In development studies, measuring the well-being of a population is more complex than simply looking at income levels or GDP. While economic indicators like GDP per capita give an idea of material wealth, they do not reflect the quality of life, health, education, and overall well-being of a population. To address this gap, the…
Introduction Measuring the development of nations is a complex task that goes beyond mere economic growth. While GDP or GNP provide insights into a country’s economic capacity, they do not reflect the quality of life, social welfare, equity, and human well-being. To address this, scholars, international organizations, and policymakers have developed various indices that evaluate…
Introduction Economic development is a broad concept that goes beyond simple economic growth. While economic growth refers to the increase in a country’s output or income, economic development encompasses improvements in the quality of life, living standards, and overall well-being of people. It involves structural transformation, social progress, and the reduction of poverty and inequalities….
1. Introduction The National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) is one of the premier financial institutions in India and a key component of the Indian capital market. Established in 1992 and operational from 1994, NSE revolutionized stock trading in India by introducing electronic trading systems that enhanced transparency, efficiency, and accessibility. Before NSE, the Bombay…
1. Introduction to Financial Market A financial market is a platform or system where individuals, companies, and governments can buy and sell financial assets like stocks, bonds, currencies, and derivatives. Essentially, it is the backbone of the economy because it facilitates the flow of funds from those who have surplus capital (savers) to those who…
Introduction Money is one of the most fundamental inventions of human civilization. It is the lifeblood of economic activities and serves as the medium through which individuals, businesses, and governments interact in markets. In its simplest form, money is anything that is generally accepted as a means of exchange, a unit of account, a store…
Introduction A central bank is the apex monetary authority in a country, responsible for controlling the supply of money, regulating credit, stabilizing prices, and maintaining economic stability. Examples include the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Federal Reserve (USA), the Bank of England, and the European Central Bank (ECB). Monetary fluctuations, such as inflation, deflation,…
Introduction In macroeconomics, national dividend refers to the total value of goods and services produced by a nation over a specific period, usually a year. It is a key indicator of economic performance, reflecting a country’s income, wealth, and standard of living. National dividend is closely linked with concepts such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP),…
Introduction In microeconomics, the theory of factor pricing is central to understanding how wages, rent, interest, and profits are determined in a competitive market. Modern economic analysis refines classical theories by incorporating the concept of transfer earnings, which plays a crucial role in the pricing of factors of production. Transfer earnings refer to the minimum…