Introduction The National Council of Educational Research and Training is one of the most important institutions responsible for shaping school education in India. Established by the Government of India, NCERT plays a crucial role in designing curricula, preparing textbooks, conducting educational research, and supporting teacher training programs. It works as an advisory body to the…
Introduction India’s rapid digital transformation has fundamentally altered how personal information is generated, stored, and exchanged. From online banking to e-governance portals and health platforms, citizens now leave digital footprints across almost every sphere of life. Recognising the need to safeguard this expanding data ecosystem, Parliament enacted the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP…
Introduction Over the last decade, India’s education system has been undergoing a fundamental transformation driven by digital technologies. What began as supplementary online resources has gradually evolved into an integrated ecosystem combining virtual classrooms, e-content platforms, mobile applications, and artificial intelligence–based learning tools. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated this transition dramatically, pushing schools, colleges, and training…
Introduction Medical technology plays a central role in modern healthcare systems. From basic diagnostic tools to advanced imaging machines, medical devices directly influence disease detection, treatment accuracy, and patient outcomes. However, high-end equipment such as MRI scanners, CT machines, and advanced surgical systems often come with heavy capital costs, placing them beyond the reach of…
Introduction Urban India is standing at a decisive crossroads. Rapid population growth, expanding economic activity, and rising aspirations are putting unprecedented pressure on city infrastructure. Roads are congested, drainage systems struggle during monsoons, housing shortages persist, and public transport networks remain inadequate in many regions. At the same time, cities generate nearly two-thirds of India’s…
Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) has accelerated the creation of synthetic media — content produced or manipulated by algorithms that can convincingly mimic reality. From realistic deepfakes to AI-generated voices, images, videos and text, the potential of synthetic media is vast. It offers creative, educational and commercial possibilities, yet it also poses serious risks to reputation,…
Introduction Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies, societies, cultures, and technologies across national boundaries. Since India adopted economic liberalization policies in 1991, globalization has significantly reshaped its social and economic landscape. Among the most profound impacts has been its influence on women’s lives. Globalization has opened new avenues of employment, education, and social…
IntroductionLabour migration has been one of the most important forces shaping India’s socio-economic transformation over the last four decades. From the mid-1980s onwards, changes in economic policies, globalization, technological advancement, and regional inequalities have significantly altered both internal and international migration patterns. Earlier migration was mainly seasonal and rural in nature, but over time it…
The sex ratio — defined as the number of females per 1,000 males — is a key demographic indicator reflecting gender equity, social norms, health outcomes, and cultural practices within a population. In India, data from the Census of India and National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) consistently show that many tribal groups (often referred to…
A Critical Examination Introduction India’s demographic reality has long been at the center of debates about socio-economic development. With a population exceeding 1.4 billion, India is projected to become the world’s most populous country. At the same time, poverty remains a persistent challenge — despite decades of economic growth, millions of Indians continue to live…