Introduction
India’s foreign policy is a crucial pillar of its national strategy, shaping the country’s interactions with the global community. As one of the world’s largest economies and most populous democracies, India plays a key role in global geopolitics. The present era is marked by rapid changes in international relations, with shifting alliances, evolving trade dynamics, and increasing security challenges. India’s foreign policy, guided by its national interests, strategic autonomy, and global aspirations, is being continuously refined to address these evolving challenges.
This essay explores the current condition of India’s foreign policy, its major challenges, and the direction it is taking in the modern global order.
The Pillars of India’s Foreign Policy
India’s foreign policy is traditionally guided by the principles of Panchsheel, strategic autonomy, non-alignment, and economic diplomacy. However, in the current scenario, the policy is evolving under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, with an emphasis on “Act East,” “Neighbourhood First,” “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (the world is one family), and “Atmanirbhar Bharat” (self-reliant India).
The key pillars of India’s current foreign policy include:
- Strategic Autonomy – Maintaining independence in decision-making while engaging with multiple global powers.
- Neighborhood First – Strengthening relations with South Asian neighbors through diplomacy, trade, and connectivity projects.
- Act East Policy – Expanding economic and strategic ties with ASEAN nations and the broader Indo-Pacific region.
- Global Leadership Role – Actively participating in multilateral forums like the G20, United Nations, BRICS, and SCO.
- Economic Diplomacy – Promoting trade and investment partnerships to support India’s economic growth.
- Defense and Security – Strengthening military and strategic alliances to counter security threats, especially from China and Pakistan.
- Energy and Climate Diplomacy – Leading global efforts on renewable energy through initiatives like the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
India’s Current Foreign Policy: Key Developments
1. India’s Engagement with Global Powers
India-USA Relations
India’s relations with the USA have strengthened significantly over the past decade. The Quad Alliance (India, USA, Japan, Australia) has emerged as a strategic partnership in the Indo-Pacific, aimed at countering China’s expansionist policies. India and the USA have increased cooperation in defense, trade, and technology, including agreements like the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET).
India-Russia Relations
Despite Western pressure, India has maintained close ties with Russia, particularly in defense and energy. The purchase of S-400 missile defense systems and continued oil imports from Russia highlight India’s independent foreign policy stance.
India-China Relations
India’s relationship with China remains tense, especially after the Galwan Valley conflict (2020). While both countries continue trade, border disputes and China’s growing influence in South Asia challenge India’s strategic interests. India has responded by boosting border infrastructure, deepening ties with ASEAN and the Quad, and banning Chinese apps over security concerns.
2. Strengthening Ties with the Indo-Pacific and ASEAN
India’s Act East Policy has led to stronger engagements with ASEAN countries, Japan, South Korea, and Australia. These partnerships focus on trade, defense cooperation, and maritime security in response to China’s assertiveness in the South China Sea and Indian Ocean.
3. India’s Relations with South Asia and Neighbors
India-Pakistan Relations
Relations with Pakistan remain strained due to cross-border terrorism and disputes over Kashmir. India follows a zero-tolerance policy towards terrorism and has conducted airstrikes (Balakot 2019) in response to terror attacks. Diplomatically, India has reduced engagement with Pakistan while strengthening ties with other South Asian nations.
India-Bangladesh Relations
Bangladesh is one of India’s closest allies in South Asia, with cooperation in trade, connectivity, energy, and security. The Teesta water-sharing agreement and border management remain important issues in bilateral ties.
India-Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan
India is actively engaging with Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan through infrastructure projects, economic aid, and cultural diplomacy. However, China’s increasing investments in these countries pose a challenge to India’s regional influence.
4. Economic and Trade Diplomacy
India has focused on securing trade agreements with multiple nations to boost exports and economic growth. The India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and negotiations with the European Union, UK, and Canada reflect India’s intent to diversify its economic partnerships.
Additionally, India is promoting domestic manufacturing under “Make in India” and reducing dependency on China for critical goods such as semiconductors and pharmaceuticals.
5. Defense and Security Cooperation
India is modernizing its defense sector and increasing defense exports. It has signed agreements like BECA (Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement) with the USA and engaged in joint military exercises with various countries. The AUKUS pact and Quad alliance reinforce India’s defense strategy in the Indo-Pacific.
6. Multilateral and Global Leadership
India is taking a proactive role in global governance. As the G20 President (2023), India promoted issues like digital transformation, climate action, and global health. It is also pushing for reforms in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to gain a permanent seat.
7. Energy and Climate Diplomacy
India is a leader in the global climate movement, with initiatives like the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and a commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. It is actively securing energy partnerships with the Middle East, Russia, and Central Asia to ensure energy security.
Challenges in India’s Foreign Policy
- China’s Aggression – Border disputes, economic competition, and China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) challenging India’s influence in South Asia.
- Pakistan’s Hostility – Continued cross-border terrorism and diplomatic tensions.
- Geopolitical Uncertainty – The impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on India’s defense and energy security.
- Economic and Trade Barriers – Balancing self-reliance with global trade integration.
- Regional Stability – Managing relations with neighbors influenced by China’s investments.
- Technology and Cybersecurity – Addressing cyber threats and digital sovereignty issues.
The Future Direction of India’s Foreign Policy
- Strengthening Global Partnerships – Deepening ties with USA, EU, Japan, and ASEAN for economic and security cooperation.
- Expanding Regional Influence – Countering China’s dominance by enhancing relations with South Asian and Indo-Pacific nations.
- Economic and Trade Expansion – Finalizing Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and promoting exports.
- Military Modernization – Investing in indigenous defense production and strategic partnerships.
- Climate Leadership – Leading global sustainability efforts through renewable energy initiatives.
- Multilateral Diplomacy – Pushing for UNSC reforms and a greater role in global decision-making.
Conclusion
India’s foreign policy at present is dynamic, balancing strategic autonomy with global partnerships. With a focus on economic growth, regional stability, and global leadership, India is positioning itself as a key player in international affairs. Challenges remain, but India’s proactive approach and strategic diplomacy will shape its future as a leading global power.
