Introduction The Himalayas, often referred to as the “Third Pole”, host the largest concentration of glaciers outside the polar regions. They are the lifeline of several major rivers in South Asia, including the Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra, and their tributaries, which support over 1.5 billion people. In recent decades, these glaciers have been shrinking at an…
Introduction The cryosphere refers to the portion of the Earth’s surface where water exists in solid form, including ice caps, glaciers, sea ice, snow cover, permafrost, and frozen ground. It plays a critical role in regulating global climate, influencing atmospheric temperatures, ocean circulation, sea levels, and the hydrological cycle. Covering approximately 9% of Earth’s land…
Introduction Climate change has emerged as a significant threat to global food security, ecosystem balance, and rural livelihoods, particularly in countries like India where agriculture remains the mainstay of millions. Erratic rainfall patterns, increasing temperatures, soil degradation, and the loss of biodiversity are intensifying farming challenges. In this context, agroforestry has gained prominence as a…
Introduction Air is an essential component of life on Earth. It is a mixture of different gases that form the Earth’s atmosphere and sustain various biological and chemical processes. The composition of air is not only crucial for respiration but also plays a significant role in weather patterns, climate regulation, and ecological balance. The presence…
Introduction As climate change accelerates, the urgency to mitigate its adverse effects has never been greater. Global temperatures are rising, sea levels are creeping up, and extreme weather events have become more frequent and intense. While traditional methods of reducing carbon emissions remain essential, new approaches are also being explored to counteract the environmental damage…