Introduction The Earth’s atmosphere is not a uniform body of air. Instead, it is composed of vast segments with distinct physical properties of temperature, pressure, and humidity. These large bodies of air are known as air masses. An air mass can cover thousands of kilometers and extend vertically through the troposphere. Its characteristics are determined…
Introduction The monsoon climate is one of the most distinctive climatic systems in the world, marked by seasonal reversal of winds, distinct wet and dry periods, and high rainfall intensity. It plays a crucial role in sustaining the agriculture, economy, and livelihoods of over 50% of the world’s population residing in Monsoon Asia, which includes…
Introduction Earth’s climate system is a complex interaction of various atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial processes. Among the most influential natural climatic phenomena that disrupt this balance are El Niño and La Niña, collectively known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). These irregular periodic variations in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and wind patterns in the central…
Tropical cyclones are one of the most powerful and destructive natural phenomena on Earth. These intense low-pressure systems are capable of causing widespread damage, with their impact often extending to large coastal areas and even affecting inland regions. Understanding their origin, structure, and associated weather is crucial for disaster preparedness and mitigation. This article will…