Introduction India is one of the most linguistically diverse nations in the world, with hundreds of languages and dialects spoken across its vast territory. At the time of Independence in 1947, the newly formed Indian Union inherited administrative boundaries created by colonial rulers, which often ignored linguistic and cultural realities. This mismatch between political boundaries…
Introduction The National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) is India’s apex public policy think tank, established on 1st January 2015 by the Government of India. It replaced the Planning Commission, which had been in operation since 1950. The formation of NITI Aayog marked a significant shift from centralized planning to decentralized and cooperative federalism,…
Introduction In a federal system like India, the distribution of financial resources between the Union government and the states is one of the most important aspects of governance. Both levels of government have constitutionally assigned responsibilities for expenditure and revenue generation, but their capacities often differ. To ensure fairness, balance, and efficiency in fiscal federalism,…