Introduction India, the world’s fifth-largest economy, has embarked on an ambitious journey to become a $5 trillion economy by the mid-2020s. This goal, set by the Government of India, reflects the nation’s aspiration to accelerate economic growth, enhance global competitiveness, and improve living standards for its citizens. Achieving this target requires sustained efforts across multiple…
Introduction India’s financial ecosystem has undergone a remarkable transformation in the last decade. The shift from a predominantly cash-driven economy to a digitally empowered one has been fueled by innovations such as Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and other digital payment mechanisms. UPI, launched by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in 2016, has emerged…
Introduction Agriculture is the backbone of India’s economy, providing livelihood to more than 50% of the population. However, small and marginal farmers—constituting 86% of the total farming community—have historically faced challenges like low income, lack of institutional credit, market access issues, and vulnerability to climate risks. To address this, the Government of India launched the…
Introduction The rapid urbanization of the 21st century presents a dual challenge: accommodating growing urban populations while ensuring sustainability, efficiency, and livability. The solution lies in Smart Cities — urban areas that leverage digital technologies to enhance performance, well-being, and reduce costs and resource consumption. Among these technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a pivotal role….
Introduction Infrastructure is the backbone of any modern economy. From roads, railways, and ports to power grids, internet connectivity, and urban transport systems, the development of infrastructure significantly influences a region’s ability to grow economically. Infrastructure acts as both an enabler and catalyst of development—it facilitates trade, improves access to resources and services, reduces production…
Introduction Financial inclusion has emerged as a cornerstone of equitable economic development in the 21st century. It refers to the process of ensuring access to appropriate financial products and services—such as savings accounts, credit, insurance, pensions, and digital payments—to all sections of society, particularly the underprivileged and marginalized. In a country like India, with its…
Introduction India embarked on a new economic trajectory in 1991 with the adoption of liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG) reforms. These reforms marked a structural shift from a predominantly state-controlled economy to a more market-oriented system. The intent was to boost growth, attract foreign investment, improve efficiency, and integrate India with the global economy. Over…
Introduction As the digital world continues to evolve at an unprecedented pace, quantum computing has emerged as a groundbreaking technological advancement with the potential to revolutionize computing, problem-solving, and data processing. Unlike classical computers, quantum computers harness the principles of quantum mechanics, allowing them to perform calculations at speeds that were once thought impossible. However,…
Introduction India, the world’s largest democracy, has entered a transformative phase driven by technological advancements and digital empowerment. Launched in 2015, the Digital India initiative marked a paradigm shift in governance, aiming to digitally empower citizens and transform public service delivery. In this new digital era, e-Governance has emerged as a vital tool to strengthen…
Introduction Urbanization has become one of the most significant global trends of the 21st century. As cities grow in population, infrastructure and governance face immense pressure. To address these challenges, the Smart Cities Mission (SCM) was launched by the Government of India in 2015 with the vision of transforming urban areas into sustainable, inclusive, and…