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Indian renaissance

The Indian Renaissance and the Birth of National Consciousness in the Nineteenth Century

Introduction The nineteenth century stands as a period of profound transformation in India’s socio-cultural, intellectual, and political landscape. Often described as the period of the “Indian Renaissance,” this era marked the reawakening of Indian consciousness after centuries of political subjugation, economic exploitation, and cultural stagnation under colonial domination. The term Renaissance—borrowed from the European experience—denotes…

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The Rise of Fascism and Nationalism in Europe: Causes and Consequences

Introduction The early 20th century witnessed a dramatic shift in political ideologies across Europe, with fascism and nationalism emerging as dominant forces in several nations. The period following World War I (1914-1918) created the perfect conditions for these movements to flourish. Economic instability, political upheaval, and social unrest fueled nationalist sentiments, leading to the rise…

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