The Indian National Congress (INC) played a pivotal role in India’s struggle for independence. Among its many significant sessions, the Lahore Session of 1929 stands out as a turning point in India’s freedom movement. It was in this session that the resolution for ‘Poorna Swaraj’ (Complete Independence) was officially adopted. This marked a shift from…
Mahatma Gandhi was awarded the title of ‘Kaiser-e-Hind’ by the British government in 1915 for his humanitarian service in South Africa. However, in 1920, he renounced the title in protest against British atrocities in India, particularly the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the Rowlatt Act. This decision was part of the Non-Cooperation Movement, a mass civil…
The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was one of the most controversial laws imposed by the British government in India, which fueled mass protests and became a turning point in India’s struggle for independence. It was officially known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919 and was passed to suppress anti-colonial activities and strengthen British…
The All India Forward Bloc was founded by Subhas Chandra Bose on May 3, 1939, after his resignation from the Indian National Congress (INC). It was established as a radical alternative to the mainstream Congress leadership, advocating complete independence, socialist policies, and armed struggle against British rule. The formation of the Forward Bloc marked a…
Subhas Chandra Bose, one of India’s most dynamic freedom fighters, played a crucial role in the country’s struggle for independence. Unlike other leaders who pursued non-violent methods, Bose strongly believed that armed revolution and direct confrontation with the British were necessary for India’s freedom. His leadership of the Indian National Army (INA) and diplomatic efforts…
Introduction The Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931 was a crucial agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin. This agreement was a turning point in India’s freedom struggle, as it attempted to establish a temporary truce between the Indian National Congress and the British government. It marked the end of the Civil…
Introduction ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’ is one of the most significant works in Indian economic history. This book, written by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1901, played a crucial role in exposing the economic exploitation of India under British rule. Naoroji, who is often referred to as the Grand Old Man of India, was a…
The Simon Commission, officially known as the Indian Statutory Commission, was sent by the British government in 1927 to evaluate India’s constitutional progress and recommend reforms. However, the absence of any Indian members in the commission led to widespread protests and a major political upheaval. This article explores the background, objectives, key events, and the…
The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, commonly known as the Government of India Act, 1919, marked a significant shift in British colonial governance in India. These reforms were introduced by Edwin Montagu (Secretary of State for India) and Lord Chelmsford (Viceroy of India) to appease growing nationalist demands for greater self-governance. The reforms introduced the concept…
The Ghadar Party was one of the most revolutionary movements in India’s struggle for independence. Founded by Indian immigrants in the United States and Canada in the early 20th century, the party aimed to overthrow British rule in India through armed rebellion. Unlike other freedom movements that followed non-violent resistance, the Ghadar Party sought direct…